In 1980, both Science and Nature rejected his first paper on the discovery (LaBerge 1985). He too succeeded, but resistance to the idea was very strong. It was one of those odd things that at just the same time, but unbeknown to Hearne, Stephen LaBerge, at Stanford University in California, was trying the same experiment. It is sometimes said that discoveries in science happen when the time is right for them. Later research showed that they occur at times of particularly high arousal during REM sleep (Hearne 1978). They usually lasted for two to five minutes. So lucid dreams are real dreams and do occur during REM sleep.įurther research showed that Worsley’s lucid dreams most often occurred in the early morning, around 6:30 A M, nearly half an hour into a REM period and toward the end of a burst of rapid eye movements. Using a polygraph, Hearne could watch the eye movements for signs of the special signal. He decided to move his eyes left and right eight times in succession whenever he became lucid. Just over ten years ago, lucid dreamer Alan Worsley first managed this in Hearne’s laboratory. So perhaps a lucid dreamer could signal by moving the eyes in a predetermined pattern. It was Keith Hearne (1978), of the University of Hull, who first exploited the fact that not all the muscles are paralyzed. I’m dreaming right now.” All the muscles of the body are paralyzed. But of course when you are deep asleep and dreaming you cannot shout, “Hey! Listen to me. This presented a challenge to lucid dreamers who wanted to convince people that they really were awake in their dreams. In other words, they could not really be dreams at all. If the accounts were valid, then the experiences must have occurred during brief moments of wakefulness or in the transition between waking and sleeping, not in the kind of deep sleep in which rapid eye movements (REMs) and ordinary dreams usually occur. Orthodox sleep researchers argued that lucid dreams could not possibly be real dreams.
This implied that there could be consciousness during sleep, a claim many psychologists denied for more than 50 years. Yet the sleep, as I am able confidently to state, is undisturbed, deep, and refreshing.”
Van Eeden explained that in this sort of dream “the re-integration of the psychic functions is so complete that the sleeper reaches a state of perfect awareness and is able to direct his attention, and to attempt different acts of free volition.
Nevertheless we are certainly stuck with it. It is something of a misnomer since it means something quite different from just clear or vivid dreaming. The term lucid dreaming was coined by the Dutch psychiatrist Frederik van Eeden in 1913. It forces us to ask questions about the nature of consciousness, deliberate control over our actions, and the nature of imaginary worlds. But this commercialization should not let us lose sight of the very real fascination of lucid dreaming.
There are machines and gadgets you can buy and special clubs you can join to learn how to induce lucid dreams. Lucidity has also become something of a New Age fad. More recently, however, they have begun to appear in psychology journals and have dropped out of parapsychology-a good example of how the field of parapsychology shrinks when any of its subject matter is actually explained. Perhaps their incomprehensibility made them good candidates for being thought paranormal. Lucid dreams used to be a topic within psychical research and parapsychology. It is as though you “come to” and find you are dreaming. The experience is something like waking up in your dreams. That they are different from ordinary dreams is obvious as soon as you have one. Lucid dreams are dreams in which you know at the time that you are dreaming. Yet there are some dreams that are not like that. When we wake up from being chased by a ferocious tiger, or seduced by a devastatingly good-looking Nobel Prize winner we realize with relief or disappointment that “it was only a dream.” What could it mean to be conscious in your dreams? For most of us, dreaming is something quite separate from normal life. Published in Skeptical Inquirer 1991, 15, 362-370